什么是运算符？
本章节主要说明Python的运算符。举个简单的例子 4 +5 = 9 。 例子中，4和5被称为操作数，"+"号为运算符。
Python语言支持以下类型的运算符:
- 算术运算符
- 比较（关系）运算符
- 赋值运算符
- 逻辑运算符
- 位运算符
- 成员运算符
- 身份运算符
- 运算符优先级
接下来让我们一个个来学习Python的运算符。
Python算术运算符
以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| + | 加 - 两个对象相加 | a + b 输出结果 30 |
| - | 减 - 得到负数或是一个数减去另一个数 | a - b 输出结果 -10 |
| * | 乘 - 两个数相乘或是返回一个被重复若干次的字符串 | a * b 输出结果 200 |
| / | 除 - x除以y | b / a 输出结果 2 |
| % | 取模 - 返回除法的余数 | b % a 输出结果 0 |
| ** | 幂 - 返回x的y次幂 | a**b 为10的20次方， 输出结果 100000000000000000000 |
| // | 取整除 - 返回商的整数部分 | 9//2 输出结果 4 , 9.0//2.0 输出结果 4.0 |
以下实例演示了Python所有算术运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 21 b = 10 c = 0 c = a + b print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c c = a - b print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c c = a * b print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c c = a / b print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c c = a % b print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c a = 2 b = 3 c = a**b print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c a = 10 b = 5 c = a//b print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - Value of c is 31 Line 2 - Value of c is 11 Line 3 - Value of c is 210 Line 4 - Value of c is 2 Line 5 - Value of c is 1 Line 6 - Value of c is 8 Line 7 - Value of c is 2
Python比较运算符
以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| == | 等于 - 比较对象是否相等 | (a == b) 返回 False。 |
| != | 不等于 - 比较两个对象是否不相等 | (a != b) 返回 true. |
| <> | 不等于 - 比较两个对象是否不相等 | (a <> b) 返回 true。这个运算符类似 != 。 |
| > | 大于 - 返回x是否大于y | (a > b) 返回 False。 |
| < | 小于 - 返回x是否小于y。所有比较运算符返回1表示真，返回0表示假。这分别与特殊的变量True和False等价。注意，这些变量名的大写。 | (a < b) 返回 true。 |
| >= | 大于等于 - 返回x是否大于等于y。 | (a >= b) 返回 False。 |
| <= | 小于等于 - 返回x是否小于等于y。 | (a <= b) 返回 true。 |
以下实例演示了Python所有比较运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 21 b = 10 c = 0 if ( a == b ): print "Line 1 - a is equal to b" else: print "Line 1 - a is not equal to b" if ( a != b ): print "Line 2 - a is not equal to b" else: print "Line 2 - a is equal to b" if ( a <> b ): print "Line 3 - a is not equal to b" else: print "Line 3 - a is equal to b" if ( a < b ): print "Line 4 - a is less than b" else: print "Line 4 - a is not less than b" if ( a > b ): print "Line 5 - a is greater than b" else: print "Line 5 - a is not greater than b" a = 5; b = 20; if ( a <= b ): print "Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to b" else: print "Line 6 - a is neither less than nor equal to b" if ( b >= a ): print "Line 7 - b is either greater than or equal to b" else: print "Line 7 - b is neither greater than nor equal to b"
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - a is not equal to b Line 2 - a is not equal to b Line 3 - a is not equal to b Line 4 - a is not less than b Line 5 - a is greater than b Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to b Line 7 - b is either greater than or equal to b
Python赋值运算符
以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| = | 简单的赋值运算符 | c = a + b 将 a + b 的运算结果赋值为 c |
| += | 加法赋值运算符 | c += a 等效于 c = c + a |
| -= | 减法赋值运算符 | c -= a 等效于 c = c - a |
| *= | 乘法赋值运算符 | c *= a 等效于 c = c * a |
| /= | 除法赋值运算符 | c /= a 等效于 c = c / a |
| %= | 取模赋值运算符 | c %= a 等效于 c = c % a |
| **= | 幂赋值运算符 | c **= a 等效于 c = c ** a |
| //= | 取整除赋值运算符 | c //= a 等效于 c = c // a |
以下实例演示了Python所有赋值运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 21 b = 10 c = 0 c = a + b print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c c += a print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c c *= a print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c c /= a print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c c = 2 c %= a print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c c **= a print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c c //= a print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - Value of c is 31 Line 2 - Value of c is 52 Line 3 - Value of c is 1092 Line 4 - Value of c is 52 Line 5 - Value of c is 2 Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152 Line 7 - Value of c is 99864
Python位运算符
按位运算符是把数字看作二进制来进行计算的。Python中的按位运算法则如下：
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| & | 按位与运算符 | (a & b) 输出结果 12 ，二进制解释： 0000 1100 |
| | | 按位或运算符 | (a | b) 输出结果 61 ，二进制解释： 0011 1101 |
| ^ | 按位异或运算符 | (a ^ b) 输出结果 49 ，二进制解释： 0011 0001 |
| ~ | 按位取反运算符 | (~a ) 输出结果 -61 ，二进制解释： 1100 0011， 在一个有符号二进制数的补码形式。 |
| << | 左移动运算符 | a << 2 输出结果 240 ，二进制解释： 1111 0000 |
| >> | 右移动运算符 | a >> 2 输出结果 15 ，二进制解释： 0000 1111 |
以下实例演示了Python所有位运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100 b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101 c = 0 c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100 print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c c = a | b; # 61 = 0011 1101 print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c c = a ^ b; # 49 = 0011 0001 print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011 print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000 print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111 print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - Value of c is 12 Line 2 - Value of c is 61 Line 3 - Value of c is 49 Line 4 - Value of c is -61 Line 5 - Value of c is 240 Line 6 - Value of c is 15
Python逻辑运算符
Python语言支持逻辑运算符，以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| and | 布尔"与" - 如果x为False，x and y返回False，否则它返回y的计算值。 | (a and b) 返回 true。 |
| or | 布尔"或" - 如果x是True，它返回True，否则它返回y的计算值。 | (a or b) 返回 true。 |
| not | 布尔"非" - 如果x为True，返回False。如果x为False，它返回True。 | not(a and b) 返回 false。 |
以下实例演示了Python所有逻辑运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 10 b = 20 c = 0 if ( a and b ): print "Line 1 - a and b are true" else: print "Line 1 - Either a is not true or b is not true" if ( a or b ): print "Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true" else: print "Line 2 - Neither a is true nor b is true" a = 0 if ( a and b ): print "Line 3 - a and b are true" else: print "Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true" if ( a or b ): print "Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true" else: print "Line 4 - Neither a is true nor b is true" if not( a and b ): print "Line 5 - Either a is not true or b is not true or both are not true" else: print "Line 5 - a and b are true"
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - a and b are true Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true Line 5 - Either a is not true or b is not true or both are not true
Python成员运算符
除了以上的一些运算符之外，Python还支持成员运算符，测试实例中包含了一系列的成员，包括字符串，列表或元组。
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| in | 如果在指定的序列中找到值返回True，否则返回False。 | x 在 y序列中 , 如果x在y序列中返回True。 |
| not in | 如果在指定的序列中没有找到值返回True，否则返回False。 | x 不在 y序列中 , 如果x不在y序列中返回True。 |
以下实例演示了Python所有成员运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 10 b = 20 list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; if ( a in list ): print "Line 1 - a is available in the given list" else: print "Line 1 - a is not available in the given list" if ( b not in list ): print "Line 2 - b is not available in the given list" else: print "Line 2 - b is available in the given list" a = 2 if ( a in list ): print "Line 3 - a is available in the given list" else: print "Line 3 - a is not available in the given list"
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - a is not available in the given list Line 2 - b is not available in the given list Line 3 - a is available in the given list
Python身份运算符
身份运算符用于比较两个对象的存储单元
| 运算符 | 描述 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|
| is | is是判断两个标识符是不是引用自一个对象 | x is y, 如果 id(x) 等于 id(y) , is 返回结果 1 |
| is not | is not是判断两个标识符是不是引用自不同对象 | x is not y, 如果 id(x) 不等于 id(y). is not 返回结果 1 |
以下实例演示了Python所有身份运算符的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 20 b = 20 if ( a is b ): print "Line 1 - a and b have same identity" else: print "Line 1 - a and b do not have same identity" if ( id(a) == id(b) ): print "Line 2 - a and b have same identity" else: print "Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity" b = 30 if ( a is b ): print "Line 3 - a and b have same identity" else: print "Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity" if ( a is not b ): print "Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity" else: print "Line 4 - a and b have same identity"
以上实例输出结果：
Line 1 - a and b have same identity Line 2 - a and b have same identity Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity
Python运算符优先级
以下表格列出了从最高到最低优先级的所有运算符：
| 运算符 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| ** | 指数 (最高优先级) |
| ~ + - | 按位翻转, 一元加号和减号 (最后两个的方法名为 +@ 和 -@) |
| * / % // | 乘，除，取模和取整除 |
| + - | 加法减法 |
| >> << | 右移，左移运算符 |
| & | 位 'AND' |
| ^ | | 位运算符 |
| <= < > >= | 比较运算符 |
| <> == != | 等于运算符 |
| = %= /= //= -= += *= **= | 赋值运算符 |
| is is not | 身份运算符 |
| in not in | 成员运算符 |
| not or and | 逻辑运算符 |
以下实例演示了Python所有运算符优先级的操作：
#!/usr/bin/python a = 20 b = 10 c = 15 d = 5 e = 0 e = (a + b) * c / d #( 30 * 15 ) / 5 print "Value of (a + b) * c / d is ", e e = ((a + b) * c) / d # (30 * 15 ) / 5 print "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is ", e e = (a + b) * (c / d); # (30) * (15/5) print "Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is ", e e = a + (b * c) / d; # 20 + (150/5) print "Value of a + (b * c) / d is ", e
以上实例输出结果：
Value of (a + b) * c / d is 90 Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is 90 Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is 90 Value of a + (b * c) / d is 50