二进制文件是包含仅以位和字节(0和1)的形式存储的信息的文件。它们不是人类可读的,因为它中的字节转换为包含许多其他不可打印字符的字符和符号。尝试使用任何文本编辑器读取二进制文件将显示如Ø和ð的字符。
二进制文件必须由特定程序读取才能使用。例如,Microsoft Word程序的二进制文件只能通过Word程序读取到人类可读的形式。这表示,除了人类可读的文本之外,还有更多的信息,例如字符和页码等的格式化,它们也与字母数字字符一起存储。最后一个二进制文件是一个连续的字节序列。我们在文本文件中看到的换行符是连接第一行到下一行的字符。
有时,由其他程序生成的数据需要由R作为二进制文件处理。另外,R语言是创建可以与其他程序共享的二进制文件所必需的。
R语言有两个函数WriteBin()和readBin()来创建和读取二进制文件。
语法
writeBin(object, con) readBin(con, what, n )
以下是所使用的参数的描述 -
con是读取或写入二进制文件的连接对象。
object是要写入的二进制文件。
什么是模式,如字符,整数等表示要读取的字节。
n是从二进制文件读取的字节数。
例
我们考虑R语言内置数据“mtcars”。 首先,我们从它创建一个csv文件,并将其转换为二进制文件,并将其存储为操作系统文件。 接下来我们读取这个创建的二进制文件。
写入二进制文件
我们将数据帧“mtcars”读取为csv文件,然后将其作为二进制文件写入操作系统。
# Read the "mtcars" data frame as a csv file and store only the columns "cyl", "am" and "gear". write.table(mtcars, file = "mtcars.csv",row.names = FALSE, na = "", col.names = TRUE, sep = ",") # Store 5 records from the csv file as a new data frame. new.mtcars <- read.table("mtcars.csv",sep = ",",header = TRUE,nrows = 5) # Create a connection object to write the binary file using mode "wb". write.filename = file("/web/com/binmtcars.dat", "wb") # Write the column names of the data frame to the connection object. writeBin(colnames(new.mtcars), write.filename) # Write the records in each of the column to the file. writeBin(c(new.mtcars$cyl,new.mtcars$am,new.mtcars$gear), write.filename) # Close the file for writing so that it can be read by other program. close(write.filename)
读取二进制文件
上面创建的二进制文件将所有数据存储为连续字节。 因此,我们将通过选择适当的列名称值和列值来读取它。
# Create a connection object to read the file in binary mode using "rb". read.filename <- file("/web/com/binmtcars.dat", "rb") # First read the column names. n = 3 as we have 3 columns. column.names <- readBin(read.filename, character(), n = 3) # Next read the column values. n = 18 as we have 3 column names and 15 values. read.filename <- file("/web/com/binmtcars.dat", "rb") bindata <- readBin(read.filename, integer(), n = 18) # Print the data. print(bindata) # Read the values from 4th byte to 8th byte which represents "cyl". cyldata = bindata[4:8] print(cyldata) # Read the values form 9th byte to 13th byte which represents "am". amdata = bindata[9:13] print(amdata) # Read the values form 9th byte to 13th byte which represents "gear". geardata = bindata[14:18] print(geardata) # Combine all the read values to a dat frame. finaldata = cbind(cyldata, amdata, geardata) colnames(finaldata) = column.names print(finaldata)
当我们执行上面的代码,它产生以下结果和图表 -
[1] 7108963 1728081249 7496037 6 6 4 [7] 6 8 1 1 1 0 [13] 0 4 4 4 3 3 [1] 6 6 4 6 8 [1] 1 1 1 0 0 [1] 4 4 4 3 3 cyl am gear [1,] 6 1 4 [2,] 6 1 4 [3,] 4 1 4 [4,] 6 0 3 [5,] 8 0 3
正如我们所看到的,我们通过读取R中的二进制文件得到原始数据。